The diagram illustrates the stages and equipment involved in cement production, as well as the process of making concrete from cement. Overall, limestone and clay undergo four stages of processing before they are ready for use as cement. Subsequently, the cement is combined with other materials to produce concrete. Concrete production is simpler; unlike cement manufacturing, it does not require complex machinery – a standard concrete mixer suffices.
In the first stage of cement production, limestone and clay are crushed into a powder. This powder passes into a mixer and is then transferred to a heater where heat is applied. Finally, the resulting mixture is ground to produce cement, which is then packaged into bags.
Turning to the second diagram, concrete consists primarily of small stones – or gravel – which make up 50% of the total composition. The other materials used are sand (25%), cement (15%), and water (10%). All these materials are poured into a concrete mixer, and once blended, the concrete is produced.