Master the Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Reading Test 1 Passage 3 vocabulary with our flashcard exercise.
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Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Reading Test 1 Passage 3
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geo-engineering
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(n) /ˈdʒi.oʊ ˌɛn.dʒɪˈnɪrɪŋ/
the deliberate alteration of the environment to combat climate change
Example: Scientists are researching geo-engineering to help reduce global warming.
proponent
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(n) /prəˈpoʊnənt/
a person who supports a particular idea or plan
Example: He is a proponent of using renewable energy.
dependency
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(n) /dɪˈpɛndənsi/
a state of relying on someone or something
Example: His dependency on his smartphone worries his parents.
fossil
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(n) /ˈfɑː.sɪl/
the remains of a plant or animal that lived a long time ago, preserved in rock
Example: The museum has a fossil of a dinosaur.
manipulate
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(v) /məˈnɪp.jə.leɪt/
to control something in a clever or secret way
Example: The magician can manipulate the cards easily.
localised
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(adj) /ˈloʊ.kə.laɪzd/
related to a specific area or place
Example: The project was very successful on a small localised scale.
disperse
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(v) /dɪsˈpɜːrs/
to spread out over a wide area
Example: The teacher asked the students to disperse into groups.
sunlight-refracting
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(adj) /ˈsʌnlaɪt-rɪˈfræktɪŋ/
able to bend or change the direction of sunlight
Example: The scientists designed a sunlight-refracting device to help cool the planet.
stratosphere
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(n) /ˈstrætəˌsfɪr/
the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere
Example: The weather balloons fly into the stratosphere.
aerosol
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(n) /ˈɛə.rə.sɒl/
a small particle or droplet in the air, often used in sprays
Example: The spray can released an aerosol into the air.
stimulate
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(v) /ˈstɪm.jə.leɪt/
to encourage or make something happen
Example: The teacher tries to stimulate interest in science.
algae
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(n) /ˈæl.dʒi/
simple, small plants that grow in water and can be green, blue-green, or brown
Example: The pond is full of algae.
replenish
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(v) /rɪˈplɛnɪʃ/
to fill something up again or make it full
Example: We need to replenish the water in the aquarium.
latitude
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(n) /ˈlætɪˌtud/
the distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees
Example: The latitude of the city affects its climate.
sulphur
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(n) /ˈsʌlfər/
a yellow chemical element that is used in various industrial processes
Example: Sulphur is an important part of many fertilizers.
dioxide
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(n) /daɪˈɒksaɪd/
a chemical compound made of two oxygen atoms and one other element
Example: Carbon dioxide is important for plants to grow.
dimming
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(n) /ˈdɪmɪŋ/
the act of reducing light or brightness
Example: The dimming of the lights made the room feel cozy.
scrutinise
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(v) /ˈskruːtənaɪz/
to examine something very carefully
Example: The scientists scrutinise the data from their experiments.
reinforced
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(adj) /ˈriːɪnˌfɔːrst/
made stronger or more secure
Example: They used reinforced materials to build the bridge.
evergreen
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(adj) /ˈɛvərɡriːn/
having leaves that stay green throughout the year
Example: Evergreen trees look beautiful in every season.
absorb
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(v) /əbˈzɔrb/
to take in or soak up a liquid or energy
Example: The sponge can absorb water quickly.
radiation
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(n) /ˌreɪdiˈeɪʃən/
energy that travels in the form of waves or particles
Example: The sun gives off radiation that warms the Earth.
implement
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(v) /ˈɪmplɪˌmɛnt/
to put a plan or decision into effect
Example: The school will implement new rules next year.
cautious
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(adj) /ˈkɔːʃəs/
careful to avoid danger or risks
Example: She is always cautious when crossing the street.
renewable
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(adj) /rɪˈnuːəbl/
able to be replaced or restored, especially in terms of energy from natural sources
Example: Solar power is a renewable source of energy.
guarded
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(adj) /ˈɡɑrdɪd/
cautious and not willing to take risks
Example: The scientist was guarded about the new project.
inject
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(v) /ɪnˈdʒɛkt/
to introduce a substance into something, usually using a needle
Example: The doctor will inject the medicine into your arm.
precipitation
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(n) /prɪˌsɪpɪˈteɪʃən/
water that falls from the sky as rain, snow, sleet, or hail
Example: The precipitation helped the flowers grow.
tropics
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(n) /ˈtrɒpɪks/
the region of the Earth near the equator, known for its warm climate
Example: The tropics have many kinds of plants and animals.
extent
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(n) /ɪkˈstɛnt/
the area, amount, or degree to which something exists or is present
Example: The extent of the damage was shocking.
overshoot
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(v) /ˌoʊvərˈʃut/
to go beyond a limit or target
Example: The scientists worry that their plans might overshoot the needed temperature.
pre-industrial
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(adj) /priː ɪnˈdʌs.tri.əl/
relating to a time before industries became important
Example: The village has a pre-industrial way of life.
industrialisation
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(n) /ɪnˌdʌs.tri.ə.lɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
the process of developing industries in a country or area
Example: The industrialisation of the city brought many new jobs.
scenario
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(n) /sɪˈnɛr.i.oʊ/
a situation or sequence of events that might happen in the future
Example: He imagined a scenario where everyone helped each other.
reinforces
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(v) /ˌriːɪnˈfɔːrsɪz/
to make something stronger or more forceful
Example: The teacher reinforces the lesson with examples.
conservation
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(n) /ˌkɒn.səˈveɪ.ʃən/
the protection of plants, animals, and natural resources
Example: Many people join groups to promote conservation.
advisor
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(n) /ədˈvaɪzər/
a person who gives advice, especially in a professional context
Example: The advisor helped me choose the right course for my studies.
thoroughly
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(adv) /ˈθɜroʊli/
in a detailed and complete way
Example: She studied thoroughly for the exam.
inevitable
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(adj) /ɪˈnɛvɪtəbl/
certain to happen; unavoidable
Example: The rain was inevitable, so we brought our umbrellas.
stem
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(v) /stɛm/
to stop something from increasing
Example: We need to stem the flow of water from the broken pipe.
reverse
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(v) /rɪˈvɜrs/
to change something to its opposite state
Example: They want to reverse the damage done to the environment.
consequently
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(adv) /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/
as a result; therefore
Example: She was late, and consequently, she missed the bus.
intentional
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(adj) /ɪnˈtɛnʃənl/
done on purpose; planned
Example: His intentional actions led to great success.
manipulation
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(n) /məˌnɪp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/
the act of controlling or influencing someone or something in a clever way
Example: The magician's manipulation of the cards amazed everyone.
equivalent
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(adj) /ɪˈkwɪvələnt/
equal in value or meaning
Example: The two solutions are equivalent in their effects.
deposit
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(n) /dɪˈpɒzɪt/
an amount of money placed in a bank
Example: I need to make a deposit at the bank.
transparent
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(adj) /trænˈspær.ənt/
allowing light to pass through so that objects behind can be seen clearly
Example: The window is transparent and lets in a lot of sunlight.
spacecraft
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(n) /ˈspeɪs.kræft/
a vehicle designed for travel or operation in outer space
Example: The spacecraft will launch into orbit tomorrow.
minute
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(adj) /ˈmɪn.ɪt/
very small in size or amount
Example: She only needed a minute amount of sugar for the recipe.
orbit
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(n) /ˈɔːr.bɪt/
the path one object takes around another object in space
Example: The satellite will orbit the Earth every 90 minutes.
atmosphere
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(n) /ˈæt.məs.fɪr/
the air surrounding the Earth
Example: The atmosphere is important for life on our planet.
explosive
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(adj) /ɪkˈsploʊsɪv/
having the ability to explode or burst
Example: The scientist studied explosive materials for the experiment.
scrutinize
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(v) /ˈskruːtənaɪz/
to examine something very carefully
Example: The scientists scrutinize the data before making a conclusion.
shed
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(v) /ʃɛd/
to drop or remove something, especially leaves or tears
Example: The trees shed their leaves in the fall.
permanent
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(adj) /ˈpɜːrmənənt/
lasting for a long time or forever
Example: She needs a permanent home.
rapid
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(adj) /ˈræp.ɪd/
happening or done quickly
Example: He made a rapid decision to leave the party.