Master the Cambridge IELTS 12 Academic Reading Test 2 Passage 1 vocabulary with our flashcard exercise.
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Cambridge IELTS 12 Academic Reading Test 2 Passage 1
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synthesis
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(n) /ˈsɪn.θə.sɪs/
the process of combining different ideas or things to make something new
Example: The synthesis of different cultures can create a rich community.
entrenched
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(adj) /ɪnˈtrɛnʧt/
firmly established and difficult to change
Example: Cultural values are deeply entrenched in many societies.
volatility
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(n) /vɑːlətˈɪlɪti/
the quality of being likely to change suddenly, especially in price
Example: The volatility of stocks worries many investors.
prevalent
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(adj) /ˈprɛvələnt/
common or widespread
Example: Hunger is prevalent in many countries.
mitigate
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(v) /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/
to make something less severe or serious
Example: He tried to mitigate the damage from the storm.
intervention
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(n) /ˌɪntərˈvɛnʃən/
the action of getting involved in a situation to change it
Example: The teacher's intervention helped the students improve their grades.
procurement
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(n) /prəˈkjʊr.mənt/
the act of getting or obtaining something
Example: The company is looking to improve its procurement process.
alleviate
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(v) /əˈliːviˌeɪt/
to make something less severe or serious
Example: The doctor prescribed medicine to alleviate the pain.
vulnerability
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(n) /ˌvʌl.nəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/
the quality of being open to harm or damage
Example: The storm showed the vulnerability of the old building.
subsidies
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(n) /ˈsʌb.sɪ.diz/
money given by the government to help people or businesses
Example: The government provides subsidies to help farmers grow their crops.
compensate
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(v) /ˈkɒmpənˌseɪt/
to give something, usually money, in order to reduce or balance a loss or damage
Example: The government needs to compensate farmers for their losses.
stranglehold
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(n) /ˈstræŋɡlˌhoʊld/
a strong control over something
Example: The company has a stranglehold on the market.
beneficiary
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(n) /ˌbɛnɪˈfɪʃiˌɛri/
a person or group that receives money or benefits from something, especially after someone dies
Example: The beneficiary of the will got a large sum of money.
commodity
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(n) /kəˈmɒdəti/
a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold
Example: Rice is a common commodity in many countries.
financialised
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(adj) /faɪˈnænʃəˌlaɪzd/
made to be more about financial aspects or interests
Example: The market became financialised, focusing more on profits than on farmers.
contend
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(v) /kənˈtɛnd/
to argue or state something in a strong way
Example: They contend that climate change affects all farmers.
agribusiness
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(n) /ˈæɡ.rɪˌbɪz.nɪs/
a business that produces or sells agricultural products
Example: The agribusiness helped local farmers find better markets.
unpredictability
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(n) /ˌʌnprɪdɪktəˈbɪlɪti/
the quality of being impossible to predict
Example: The unpredictability of the weather made it hard to plan the picnic.
resilient
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(adj) /rɪˈzɪl.jənt/
able to recover quickly from difficult conditions
Example: The plant is resilient and can survive drought.
peasant
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(n) /ˈpɛzənt/
a poor farmer or farm worker
Example: The peasant worked hard in the fields every day.
diversify
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(v) /daɪˈvɜːrsɪfaɪ/
to make something more varied or different
Example: Farmers can diversify their crops to reduce risk.
autonomous
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(adj) /ɔːˈtɒnəməs/
able to operate independently
Example: The autonomous group made their own decisions.
synchronise
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(v) /ˈsɪŋkrənaɪz/
to cause things to happen at the same time or rate
Example: We need to synchronise our schedules for the meeting.
bargaining
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(n) /ˈbɑrɡənɪŋ/
the process of negotiating or reaching an agreement
Example: Bargaining is an important skill in business.
stakeholder
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(n) /ˈsteɪkˌhoʊldər/
a person or group that has an interest in a project or organization
Example: The stakeholders met to discuss the new plan.
intermediary
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(n) /ˌɪntərˈmiːdiəri/
a person or organization that helps connect two parties
Example: The intermediary helped the farmer sell his produce to stores.
minimise
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(v) /ˈmɪnɪmaɪz/
to make something as small as possible
Example: We need to minimise waste in our kitchen.
subscription
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(n) /səbˈskrɪpʃən/
an arrangement to pay for a service or product regularly
Example: I have a subscription to my favorite magazine.
distribution
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(n) /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/
the way something is shared or divided among a group
Example: The distribution of toys made the children very happy.
productive
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(adj) /prəˈdʌk.tɪv/
able to produce a lot of good results or create a lot of output
Example: He is very productive and finishes his work quickly.
dependent
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(adj) /dɪˈpɛndənt/
relying on something or someone else
Example: The child is dependent on her parents for care.
entrenched
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(adj) /ɪnˈtrɛnʧt/
firmly established and difficult to change
Example: Cultural values are entrenched in many societies.
volatility
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(n) /ˌvɒl.əˈtɪl.ə.ti/
the quality of being changeable or unstable
Example: The market is facing a lot of volatility this week.
adverse
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(adj) /ˈæd.vɜrs/
having a negative or harmful effect
Example: The weather can have an adverse impact on crops.
counter-intuitively
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(adv) /ˌkaʊn.tər.ɪnˈtjuː.ɪ.tɪv.li/
in a way that is unexpected or contrary to what one would intuitively think
Example: Counter-intuitively, some people feel happier when they are alone.
underlying
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(adj) /ˈʌndərˌlaɪɪŋ/
basic or fundamental; not obvious
Example: They discussed the underlying issues causing the problem.
mitigating
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(v) /ˈmɪtɪˌɡeɪt/
to make less severe or serious
Example: The measures aim at mitigating the effects of climate change.
essayist
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(n) /ˈɛseɪ.ɪst/
a person who writes essays or gives their opinion about a subject
Example: The essayist shared her thoughts on climate change.
procurement
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(n) /prəˈkjʊərmənt/
the process of getting or buying goods and services
Example: The company is responsible for procurement of all office supplies.
alleviating
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(v) /əˈliːvieɪtɪŋ/
to make something less painful or severe
Example: The medicine is alleviating her headache.
welfare
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(n) /ˈwɛlˌfɛr/
the health, comfort, and happiness of a person or group
Example: The community works hard to improve welfare for all its members.
vulnerability
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(n) /ˌvʌlnərəˈbɪlɪti/
the state of being open to harm or damage
Example: The vulnerability of small farmers is a serious issue.
compensate
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(v) /ˈkɒmpənˌseɪt/
to give something, usually money, to someone to make up for loss or damage
Example: The company will compensate workers for their overtime.
beneficiary
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(n) /ˌbɛnɪˈfɪʃəri/
a person or group that receives benefits from something
Example: The beneficiary received help from the charity.
commodity
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(n) /kəˈmɒdəti/
a basic good used in commerce that is interchangeable with other goods of the same type
Example: Rice is a staple commodity in many countries.
financialised
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(adj) /faɪˈnænʃəl.aɪzd/
made to operate like a financial market or system
Example: The concept of financialised markets can be complex.
transparency
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(n) /trænsˈpærənsi/
the quality of being clear and easy to understand
Example: The company showed transparency in its financial reports.
agribusiness
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(n) /ˈæɡrɪˌbɪnəs/
a type of business that involves farming and selling food or farm products
Example: The farmer wants to start an agribusiness to sell vegetables.
unpredictability
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(n) /ˌʌnprɪdɪktəˈbɪləti/
the quality of being hard to predict
Example: The unpredictability of the weather makes it difficult to plan outdoor events.
resilient
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(adj) /rɪˈzɪl.jənt/
able to recover quickly from difficult conditions
Example: The plant is resilient and can survive in harsh weather.
diversify
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(v) /daɪˈvɜːrsɪfaɪ/
to make something more varied or different
Example: Farmers need to diversify their crops to reduce risks.