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Cambridge IELTS 18 Academic Reading Test 3 Passage 1

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Definition

(n) a building material made from a mixture of cement, sand, small stones, and water Example: The sidewalk is made of ______.

Term

concrete

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Definition

(n) a choice or option instead of something else Example: We need an ______ to plastic bags.

Term

alternative

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Definition

(v) to produce or create something Example: The sun can ______ energy for our homes.

Term

generate

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Definition

(n) the act of sending out gas, light, or other substances Example: The ______ from the factory made the air dirty.

Term

emission

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Definition

(n) a substance that is part of a mixture or recipe Example: The cake needs one more ______ to be ready.

Term

ingredient

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Definition

(v) to fly high in the air Example: The birds ______ gracefully in the sky.

Term

soar

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Definition

(v) to make a situation worse or more serious Example: Loud noise can ______ my headache.

Term

aggravate

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Definition

(v) to create new ideas or methods Example: The team will ______ new designs for the building.

Term

innovate

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Definition

(v) to mix things together in a confused or hurried way Example: The children ______ to gather their toys.

Term

scramble

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Definition

(n) a basic material that is bought and sold Example: Gold is a valuable ______ in the market.

Term

commodity

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Definition

(v) to support or strengthen something Example: The team's research will ______ the new design.

Term

underpin

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Definition

(n) the degree to which something exists or is true Example: The ______ of his knowledge surprised everyone.

Term

extent

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Definition

(v) to make goods in large quantities using machines Example: Factories ______ cars every day.

Term

manufacture

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Definition

(n) a large quantity of something Example: There is an ______ of food at the festival.

Term

abundance

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Definition

(adj) extremely good, wonderful Example: The cake was ______ and everyone loved it.

Term

marvellous

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Definition

(n) a hollow shape used to make a solid object Example: The artist used a ______ to create a statue.

Term

mould

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Definition

(v) to cause a liquid to flow from one container to another Example: Please ______ the water into the glass.

Term

pour

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Definition

(v) to make something stronger or more intense Example: The builders use steel to ______ the walls.

Term

reinforce

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Definition

(adj) related to heat or temperature Example: The ______ properties of the material help keep the building warm.

Term

thermal

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Definition

(n) the act of becoming larger or more extensive Example: The ______ of the city has brought more jobs.

Term

expansion

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Definition

(n) wood that is used for building and construction Example: The carpenter bought several pieces of ______ for his project.

Term

timber

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Definition

(adj) relating to the Middle Ages, a period in European history from around the 5th to the late 15th century Example: The castle has a ______ look.

Term

medieval

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Definition

(v) to come out into view or become known Example: New ideas often ______ during discussions.

Term

emerge

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Definition

(adj) easy to understand or simple Example: The instructions for the game are ______.

Term

straightforward

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Definition

(adj) likely to be influenced or harmed by something Example: The wood is ______ to pests.

Term

susceptible

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Definition

(n) an unwanted plant or animal that harms crops or property Example: The garden has a ______ that eats the leaves.

Term

pest

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Definition

(n) a substance used for sticking objects or materials together Example: We need an ______ to fix this broken chair.

Term

adhesive

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Definition

(adv) in a direction that is across or at an angle to something else Example: The strips of wood were placed ______ to make a stronger structure.

Term

crosswise

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Definition

(adj) made of layers of wood that are glued together in different directions Example: The architect chose ______ wood for the new building.

Term

cross-laminated

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Definition

(adj) made or modified in a clever way using scientific knowledge Example: Cross-laminated timber is ______ wood that is strong and lightweight.

Term

engineered

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Definition

(adj) made from solid pieces of wood, not engineered or composite Example: The carpenter prefers to use ______ wood for his furniture.

Term

solid-sawn

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Definition

(n) the process of building something Example: The ______ of the new bridge will take two years.

Term

construction

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Definition

(n) a person or company that provides goods or services Example: The ______ delivered the materials on time.

Term

supplier

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Definition

(n) the need or desire for something Example: There is a high ______ for new houses.

Term

demand

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Definition

(adv) in a way that relates to the whole world Example: People ______ are concerned about climate change.

Term

globally

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Definition

(n) a person who operates a vehicle Example: The ______ took us safely to our destination.

Term

driver

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Definition

(v) to take in or soak up a liquid or substance Example: The sponge can ______ water quickly.

Term

absorb

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Definition

(n) a rule or limit on what can be done Example: There is a ______ on how much money we can spend.

Term

limitation

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Definition

(n) a fine powder made from ash produced by burning coal Example: ______ can be used to make stronger concrete.

Term

fly ash

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Definition

(n) a waste material left after the extraction of metal from its ore Example: The factory produces a lot of ______ during the metal refining process.

Term

slag

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Definition

(n) a type of rock that contains iron and can be used to make iron Example: ______ is mined and processed to produce steel.

Term

iron ore

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Definition

(n) a secondary product made during the production of something else Example: The factory produces electricity as a ______ of making steel.

Term

byproduct

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Definition

(n) the process of melting metal ores to get metal Example: The factory focuses on ______ to produce iron for construction.

Term

smelting

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Definition

(v) to include or combine something as part of a whole Example: We need to ______ more green materials in our design.

Term

incorporate

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Definition

(n) the ability to last a long time without getting damaged Example: The ______ of materials is important in construction.

Term

durability

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Definition

(n) a building with glass walls and a glass roof for growing plants Example: They built a ______ to grow vegetables.

Term

greenhouse

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Definition

(adj) easy to understand or do; simple Example: The instructions for the game were ______.

Term

straightforward

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Definition

(n) something that helps to cause a result

Term

factor

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Definition

(n) the series of stages that something goes through from the beginning to the end of its life Example: Every plant goes through its own ______.

Term

life cycle

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Definition

(n) a natural substance like coal, oil, or natural gas that can be burned for energy Example: Many cars run on ______.

Term

fossil fuel

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Definition

(n) a way of thinking about something Example: Everyone has a different ______ on the story.

Term

perspective

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Definition

(adj) showing signs that something good may happen in the future Example: The new ideas for building materials are ______ for the environment.

Term

promising

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Definition

(adj) existing in large quantities; more than enough Example: The garden had ______ flowers in spring.

Term

abundant

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Definition

(adj) following accepted customs or practices Example: The builder chose a ______ design for the house.

Term

conventional

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Definition

(adj) producing good results without wasting money Example: The new system is very ______.

Term

cost-effective

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Definition

(n) the ability to fight against something Example: There was ______ to the new rules at the meeting.

Term

resistance

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Definition

(n) a person who buys goods or services Example: The ______ asked for a refund.

Term

customer

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Master the Cambridge IELTS 18 Academic Reading Test 3 Passage 1 vocabulary with our flashcard exercise.