Master the Cambridge IELTS 19 Academic Reading Test 3 Passage 2 vocabulary with our flashcard exercise.
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Cambridge IELTS 19 Academic Reading Test 3 Passage 2
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wetland
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(n) /ˈwɛt.lænd/
an area of land that is covered with water
Example: We saw many birds at the wetland near our home.
ecosystem
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(n) /ˈiːkoʊˌsɪstəm/
a community of living things and their environment
Example: The ecosystem is full of plants and animals.
complex
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(adj) /ˈkɒmplɛks/
made of many parts; difficult to understand
Example: The problem is too complex for me to solve.
disappear
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(v) /ˌdɪsəˈpɪr/
to stop being visible or to no longer exist
Example: The magician made the rabbit disappear.
convert
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(v) /kənˈvɜrt/
to change something into a different form or purpose
Example: We can convert this old barn into a cozy house.
destroy
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(v) /dɪˈstrɔɪ/
to completely ruin or eliminate something
Example: The storm can destroy many homes.
commercial
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(adj) /kəˈmɜrʃəl/
related to business or making money
Example: The new mall will bring commercial activities to the area.
drainage
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(n) /ˈdreɪnɪdʒ/
the process of removing water from an area
Example: The drainage helps prevent flooding in the fields.
scheme
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(n) /skiːm/
a plan or system for doing something
Example: The school has a new scheme for helping students learn.
extraction
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(n) /ɪkˈstrækʃən/
the process of removing something from a larger amount or system
Example: The extraction of minerals can harm the environment.
mineral
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(n) /ˈmɪnərəl/
a solid substance found in nature that is not animal or vegetable
Example: Quartz is a common mineral used in many products.
peat
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(n) /piːt/
a type of soil made from decayed plants, found in wetlands
Example: The farmer used peat to improve the soil for his garden.
remain
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(v) /rɪˈmeɪn/
to continue to exist, especially after other things have gone or been dealt with
Example: Some animals remain in wetlands after they are damaged.
damage
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(n) /ˈdæmɪdʒ/
harm or injury to something or someone
Example: The storm caused a lot of damage to the houses.
pesticide
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(n) /ˈpɛstəˌsaɪd/
a chemical used to kill pests, especially insects
Example: Farmers use pesticide to protect their crops.
fertilizer
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(n) /ˈfɜːrtəlaɪzər/
a substance added to soil to help plants grow
Example: Farmers use fertilizer to help their crops grow better.
pollutant
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(n) /pəˈluːtənt/
a substance that makes something dirty or harmful
Example: Industrial pollutants can harm the environment.
fertile
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(adj) /ˈfɜr.taɪl/
able to produce a lot of plants or crops
Example: The farmer has fertile land for growing vegetables.
considerable
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(adj) /kənˈsɪdərəbl/
large enough to be important or noticeable
Example: There is considerable interest in the new project.
archaeological
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(adj) /ˌɑːrkiəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/
related to the study of ancient societies and their cultures through their remains
Example: The archaeological site was filled with old artifacts.
livelihood
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(n) /ˈlaɪvliˌhʊd/
a way of earning money to live
Example: Many people rely on fishing for their livelihood.
hydrologist
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(n) /haɪˈdrɒlədʒɪst/
a scientist who studies water and how it affects the environment
Example: The hydrologist analyzed the water sources for the new park.
mitigate
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(v) /ˈmɪtɪɡeɪt/
to make something less severe or harmful
Example: The government wants to mitigate the effects of climate change.
buffer
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(n) /ˈbʌfər/
something that protects or shields from something else
Example: The walls serve as a buffer against the cold wind.
extreme
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(adj) /ɪkˈstriːm/
very great in degree or intensity
Example: The weather was extreme during the storm.
hurricane
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(n) /ˈhɜːrɪˌkeɪn/
a large storm with strong winds and heavy rain
Example: The hurricane caused a lot of damage to the houses.
implement
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(v) /ˈɪmplɪˌmɛnt/
to put a plan or system into operation
Example: We need to implement new rules at school.
commodity
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(n) /kəˈmɒdəti/
a product that can be sold or traded
Example: Oil is a valuable commodity for many countries.
palm oil
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(n) /pɑːlm ɔɪl/
a type of vegetable oil made from the fruit of oil palm trees
Example: Many products in the store contain palm oil.
pulpwood
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(n) /ˈpʌlpˌwʊd/
wood that is prepared to make paper or other products
Example: The factory uses pulpwood to produce paper.
peatland
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(n) /ˈpiːtˌlænd/
wetlands that have a waterlogged organic soil layer
Example: Peatland is important for storing carbon.
waterlog
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(adj) /ˈwɔːtərˌlɔg/
soaked or filled with water
Example: The garden became waterlogged after the heavy rain.
organic
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(adj) /ɔrˈɡænɪk/
related to or derived from living matter
Example: She prefers organic vegetables for her meals.
drain
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(v) /dreɪn/
to remove water from something
Example: They need to drain the pool before cleaning it.
cultivation
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(n) /ˌkʌltɪˈveɪʃən/
the act of growing plants or crops
Example: The farmer focuses on the cultivation of vegetables.
emitter
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(n) /ɪˈmɪt̬ər/
something that sends out energy, light, or particles
Example: The emitter helped the device work correctly.
clearance
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(n) /ˈklɪr.əns/
the act of removing something or the amount that can be removed
Example: The clearance of trees makes space for new buildings.
biodiversity
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(n) /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜrsɪti/
the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat
Example: Biodiversity helps keep ecosystems healthy.
revenue
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(n) /ˈrɛvənˌju/
the money that a business makes from selling goods or services
Example: The company's revenue increased this year.
logging
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(n) /ˈlɔːɡɪŋ/
the process of cutting down trees to collect wood
Example: The logging near the river is causing trouble for the animals.
ditch
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(n) /dɪtʃ/
a long, narrow hole dug in the ground
Example: They dug a ditch to help with the water flow.
swamp
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(n) /swɑmp/
a low land that is very wet or full of water
Example: The animals live in a swamp filled with plants.
bacteria
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(n) /bækˈtɪr.i.ə/
very small living things that can only be seen through a microscope
Example: Bacteria are everywhere, even on your skin.
fungi
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(n) /ˈfʌŋɡaɪ/
a type of living organism that includes mushrooms and molds
Example: Fungi play an important role in breaking down dead plants.
methane
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(n) /ˈmɛθeɪn/
a colorless gas that is a main component of natural gas and is made when organic matter decays
Example: Methane is produced by cows and other livestock.
subsidence
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(n) /səbˈsaɪdəns/
the process of land sinking or lowering
Example: The city is facing problems with subsidence as the ground keeps sinking.
comprise
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(v) /kəmˈpraɪz/
to be made up of or consist of something
Example: A book can comprise many chapters.
alarming
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(adj) /əˈlɑrmɪŋ/
causing worry or fear
Example: The news about the forest fire is alarming.
consequence
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(n) /ˈkɒn.sɪ.kwəns/
a result or effect of something
Example: The consequence of skipping breakfast is feeling hungry later.
catastrophe
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(n) /kəˈtæs.trə.fi/
a sudden and terrible event that causes great damage or suffering
Example: The earthquake was a huge catastrophe for the city.
province
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(n) /ˈprɑː.vɪns/
an area or region that is part of a country
Example: The province has many beautiful parks.
landmass
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(n) /ˈlændˌmæs/
a large area of land
Example: The country has a vast landmass that is mostly uninhabited.
sediment
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(n) /ˈsɛdɪmənt/
small particles of soil, sand, and minerals that settle at the bottom of a liquid
Example: The river carried sediment down to the ocean.
run-off
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(n) /ˈrʌn.ɔf/
water that flows away from an area, often after rain
Example: The heavy rain caused a lot of run-off in the streets.
over-extraction
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(n) /ˌoʊvərɪkˈstrækʃən/
the act of taking too much water from a source
Example: Over-extraction can lead to water shortages in the area.
devastating
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(adj) /ˈdɛvəsteɪtɪŋ/
causing a lot of damage or destruction
Example: The hurricane had a devastating effect on the coastal town.
subtle
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(adj) /ˈsʌtəl/
not very noticeable or obvious
Example: The changes in the environment can have subtle effects.
impact
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(n) /ˈɪm.pækt/
the effect or influence of one thing on another
Example: The impact of pollution is seen in the water quality.
deliberate
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(adj) /dɪˈlɪb.ə.reɪt/
done on purpose or intentionally
Example: The damage was not an accident; it was deliberate.
acknowledge
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(v) /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/
to recognize or accept that something is true
Example: She will acknowledge his hard work in the project.
sustainability
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(n) /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti/
the ability to continue without harming the environment
Example: The community works hard to promote sustainability.
restoration
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(n) /ˌrɛstəˈreɪʃən/
the act of bringing something back to its original state
Example: The restoration of the old park was completed in the spring.
degradation
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(n) /ˌdɛɡrəˈdeɪʃən/
the process of something becoming worse or damaged
Example: The water pollution caused the degradation of the river.
optimistic
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(adj) /ˌɑːp.tɪˈmɪs.tɪk/
hoping for the best outcome; confident about the future
Example: She is always optimistic about her chances of winning.
impression
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(n) /ɪmˈprɛʃən/
an effect or influence that something has on a person or thing
Example: My impression of the movie was very positive.
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