Master the Cambridge IELTS 19 Academic Reading Test 4 Passage 2 vocabulary with our flashcard exercise.
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Cambridge IELTS 19 Academic Reading Test 4 Passage 2
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pathogenic
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(adj) /ˌpæθəˈdʒɛnɪk/
able to cause disease
Example: The pathogenic bacteria can make people sick.
antibiotic
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(n) /ˌæn.tɪ.baɪˈɑ.tɪk/
a medicine that helps to kill bacteria and treat infections
Example: The doctor prescribed an antibiotic for her infection.
resistant
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(adj) /rɪˈzɪstənt/
not easily affected or harmed by something
Example: The plant is resistant to drought.
superbug
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(n) /ˈsuːpərbʌg/
a type of bacteria that cannot be killed by most medicines
Example: Doctors are worried about superbugs in hospitals.
breakthrough
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(n) /ˈbreɪkˌθru/
an important development or achievement
Example: The scientist made a breakthrough in his research.
prospecting
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(n) /prɒˈspɛktɪŋ/
the act of searching for valuable resources
Example: The scientists are excited about prospecting for new medicines in the ocean.
exploit
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(v) /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/
to use something in a way that helps you unfairly
Example: They want to exploit the minerals in the deep sea.
bioactive
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(adj) /ˌbaɪ.oʊˈæk.tɪv/
having a chemical effect on living things
Example: The scientists studied bioactive compounds for new medicine.
sustainability
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(n) /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪlɪti/
the ability to be maintained or continued without causing harm to the environment
Example: We need to focus on sustainability for our planet's future.
oceanographer
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(n) /oʊˌʃənəˈɡræfər/
a scientist who studies oceans
Example: The oceanographer studied the marine life in the deep sea.
remotely
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(adv) /rɪˈmoʊtli/
from a distance
Example: We can control the machine remotely.
abyss
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(n) /əˈbɪs/
a very deep hole or pool
Example: The explorer discovered an abyss while diving in the ocean.
nickel
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(n) /ˈnɪkəl/
a type of coin worth five cents in the US
Example: He found a nickel on the ground.
cobalt
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(n) /ˈkoʊ.bɔːlt/
a hard, blue-gray metal used in batteries and other products
Example: Cobalt is essential for making batteries.
rare earth
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(n) /rɛr ɜrθ/
metals that are rare and have special properties, used in electronics and other technologies
Example: The company is searching for rare earth to make better batteries.
diversify
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(v) /daɪˈvɜːrsɪfaɪ/
to make or become more varied
Example: They want to diversify their products to reach more customers.
aluminum
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(n) /əˈluː.mɪ.nəm/
a light, silver-colored metal used for making things
Example: The can is made of aluminum.
soar
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(v) /sɔr/
to fly high in the air
Example: The eagle can soar above the mountains.
yield
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(v) /jiːld/
to produce or provide something
Example: The new mine could yield a lot of minerals.
excavate
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(v) /ˈɛks.kə.veɪt/
to remove earth or rock from a place to make a hole
Example: They will excavate the ground to find buried treasures.
slurry
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(n) /ˈslɜːri/
a thick liquid made of solid particles mixed with a liquid
Example: They used a slurry to help with the construction project.
de-water
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(v) /diːˈwɔːtər/
to remove water from something
Example: We need to de-water the slurry before shipping it.
discharge
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(v) /dɪsˈtʃɑrdʒ/
to remove something from a place or to let something flow out
Example: The factory will discharge waste into the river.
ramification
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(n) /ˌræməfɪˈkeɪʃən/
a consequence or result of an action or decision
Example: The new policy may have unexpected ramifications.
regulatory
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(adj) /ˈrɛɡ.jə.lə.tɔːr.i/
related to rules or laws that control something
Example: The company must follow regulatory guidelines.
framework
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(n) /ˈfreɪm.wɜrk/
a basic structure that supports something or helps to organize it
Example: The teacher provided a framework for our project.
caution
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(n) /ˈkɔːʃən/
carefulness to avoid danger or problems
Example: They drive with caution in bad weather.
scramble
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(v) /ˈskræm.bəl/
to move or act quickly and with difficulty
Example: They scramble to get their things before the rain starts.
disregard
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(v) /ˌdɪs.rɪˈɡɑrd/
to ignore something or treat it as unimportant
Example: Some people disregard the dangers of deep-sea mining.
marginalization
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(n) /ˌmɑːrdʒɪnəlɪˈzeɪʃən/
the process of making a group or idea less important
Example: The marginalization of local communities can lead to many social problems.
indigenous
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(adj) /ɪnˈdɪdʒ.ɪ.nəs/
belonging to a particular place or region; native
Example: The indigenous people have unique traditions and cultures.
seabed
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(n) /ˈsiːbɛd/
the floor of the ocean
Example: The fish swim close to the seabed.
hydrothermal
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(adj) /ˌhaɪ.droʊˈθɜr.məl/
related to hot water, especially from the Earth's crust
Example: The scientists studied the hydrothermal vents in the ocean.
vent
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(n) /vɛnt/
an opening that allows air, gas, or liquid to go in and out
Example: The room has a small vent near the ceiling.
magma
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(n) /ˈmæɡ.mə/
hot liquid rock found beneath the earth's surface
Example: Magma can cause volcanic eruptions when it reaches the surface.
biodiversity
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(n) /ˌbaɪoʊdaɪˈvɜr.sɪ.ti/
the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat
Example: Biodiversity is important for a healthy environment.
crustacean
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(n) /krʌˈsteɪʃən/
a type of sea animal with a hard shell, like crabs and lobsters
Example: The aquarium has many kinds of crustacean.
tubeworm
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(n) /ˈtjuːb.wɜːrm/
a type of worm that lives in tubes on the ocean floor
Example: Tubeworms can be found near hydrothermal vents in the deep sea.
anemone
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(n) /əˈnɛməni/
a type of sea animal that looks like a flower and lives in the ocean
Example: The anemone swayed gently with the water currents.
plume
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(n) /pluːm/
a cloud of smoke or dust
Example: The plume of smoke rose high into the sky.
grave
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(adj) /ɡreɪv/
serious and important
Example: The doctor said the patient's condition is grave.
extraction
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(n) /ɪkˈstrækʃən/
the process of taking something out
Example: The extraction of minerals from the sea can be harmful.
depleting
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(v) /dɪˈpliːtɪŋ/
to reduce something by using it up
Example: The team is worried about the depleting resources in the area.
untapped
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(adj) /ʌnˈtæpt/
not developed or used yet
Example: There is untapped potential in the new technology.
potential
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(n) /pəˈtɛnʃəl/
the possibility for something to happen or be developed
Example: The student has a lot of potential in art.
ecosystem
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(n) /ˈiː.koʊˌsɪs.təm/
a community of living things and their environment
Example: The rainforest is a rich ecosystem with many animals and plants.
exotic
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(adj) /ɪɡˈzɑːtɪk/
very different, unusual, or interesting
Example: The zoo has exotic animals from distant countries.
inflict
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(v) /ɪnˈflɪkt/
to cause something unpleasant or painful to happen
Example: The storm could inflict damage on the buildings.
assault
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(n) /əˈsɔlt/
a violent attack
Example: The police are investigating the assault that happened last night.
off-limits
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(adj) /ˈɔfˈlɪmɪts/
not allowed to be used or entered
Example: The playground was off-limits to adults.
biotechnology
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(n) /ˌbaɪ.oʊ.tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi/
the use of living things, like cells and bacteria, to make products or solve problems
Example: Scientists are studying biotechnology to improve medicine.
spin-off
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(n) /ˈspɪn.ɔf/
a product or business that is created from a larger one
Example: The company launched a new spin-off focused on renewable energy.
strict
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(adj) /strɪkt/
firmly staying to rules or standards
Example: There are strict rules at the school.
control
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(v) /kənˈtroʊl/
to have power over something or someone
Example: She can control the music during the party.
draft
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(n) /dræft/
a preliminary version of a written work
Example: The writer submitted a draft of her novel to the publisher.
Done reading and practising.