Master the Cambridge IELTS 19 Academic Reading Test 4 Passage 3 vocabulary with our flashcard exercise.
(Related: https://engnovate.com/ielts-reading-tests/cambridge-ielts-19-academic-reading-test-4/)
Cambridge IELTS 19 Academic Reading Test 4 Passage 3
Back To Set1 / 63
unselfish
Click to show definition
(adj) /ʌnˈsɛlfɪʃ/
willing to give time and energy to help others; not selfish
Example: She is very unselfish and always helps her friends.
self-centred
Click to show definition
(adj) /sɛlfˈsɛntərd/
thinking only about yourself and not about others
Example: He is often considered self-centred because he only cares about his own needs.
assumption
Click to show definition
(n) /əˈsʌmpʃən/
something that is accepted as true without proof
Example: The teacher's explanation was based on a common assumption.
essentially
Click to show definition
(adv) /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/
in a basic or important way
Example: The animals are essentially friendly to humans.
ruthless
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈruːθ.ləs/
having no pity or compassion for others
Example: The business was known for its ruthless competition.
impulse
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈɪm.pʌls/
a sudden strong desire to do something
Example: She had an impulse to buy the pretty dress.
accumulate
Click to show definition
(v) /əˈkjumjʊˌleɪt/
to gather or collect things over time
Example: He likes to accumulate coins from different countries.
ulterior
Click to show definition
(adj) /ʌlˈtɪəriər/
hidden or secret
Example: He had an ulterior plan for the project.
motive
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈmoʊ.tɪv/
a reason for doing something
Example: Her motive for helping was kindness.
transcend
Click to show definition
(v) /trænˈsɛnd/
to go beyond the limits of something
Example: She wants to transcend her fears and try new things.
innate
Click to show definition
(adj) /ɪˈneɪt/
existing from birth, or not learned
Example: Humans have innate kindness towards others.
bleak
Click to show definition
(adj) /blik/
not hopeful or encouraging; cold and wintry
Example: The weather today is bleak and gray.
ethos
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈiː.θɑːs/
the ideas and beliefs that are important to a group or culture
Example: The community's ethos encourages kindness and cooperation.
prevalent
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈprɛvələnt/
common or widespread
Example: In the past, cooperation was prevalent among early humans.
evolutionary
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri/
relating to the process of gradual change and development
Example: The scientist studied evolutionary changes in different species.
psychology
Click to show definition
(n) /saɪˈkɑːlədʒi/
the study of the mind and behavior
Example: She wants to study psychology in college.
theorise
Click to show definition
(v) /ˈθɪəraɪz/
to form ideas or theories about something
Example: The scientist theorise about the origins of the universe.
trait
Click to show definition
(n) /treɪt/
a quality or characteristic of a person
Example: My friend has a kind trait.
prehistoric
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˌpriːhɪsˈtɔrɪk/
relating to the time before written history
Example: The museum has many prehistoric artifacts.
environment
Click to show definition
(n) /ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/
the surrounding conditions or influences affecting someone or something
Example: The trees improve the environment around the house.
adaptedness
Click to show definition
(n) /əˈdæptɪdnəs/
the quality of being adapted or suitable for a particular environment or situation
Example: The adaptedness of the animals helped them survive in the harsh climate.
intense
Click to show definition
(adj) /ɪnˈtɛns/
very strong or extreme
Example: The sun was intense on the hottest day of summer.
brutal
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈbruːtəl/
very violent or cruel
Example: The movie had a brutal scene that shocked everyone.
aggression
Click to show definition
(n) /əˈɡrɛʃən/
angry or violent behavior toward someone
Example: His aggression surprised everyone at the meeting.
rival
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈraɪvəl/
a person or group competing with another for the same thing
Example: The two teams are rivals in the championship.
racism
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈreɪˌsɪzəm/
the belief that some races are better than others, leading to discrimination and prejudice
Example: Racism is a serious problem in many countries.
warfare
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈwɔrˌfɛr/
the act of fighting in a war
Example: Warfare can cause many problems for countries.
logical
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈlɑːdʒɪkəl/
related to clear, sound reasoning
Example: It is logical to save money for emergencies.
desperate
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈdɛspərət/
feeling or showing a hopeless desire or need
Example: She was in a desperate situation and needed help.
sparsely
Click to show definition
(adv) /ˈspɑːrsli/
in a way that is not crowded or populated
Example: The town is sparsely populated, with many empty houses.
populated
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈpɒpjʊleɪtɪd/
having people living in an area
Example: The city is densely populated with many buildings.
estimate
Click to show definition
(v) /ˈɛstəˌmeɪt/
to make a guess about the amount, size, or value of something
Example: I estimate that it will take an hour to finish the work.
hunter-gatherer
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈhʌn.tər ˈɡæð.ər.ər/
a member of a society that hunts animals and gathers plants for food
Example: A hunter-gatherer collects food from the forest.
density
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈdɛn.sɪ.ti/
the amount of mass in a given volume
Example: The density of the water helps boats float.
notion
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈnoʊʃən/
an idea or belief about something
Example: Her notion of friendship is very important to her.
contemporary
Click to show definition
(adj) /kənˈtɛmpəˌrɛri/
existing or happening now or in the same period of time
Example: She enjoys reading contemporary books.
anthropologist
Click to show definition
(n) /ˌæn.θrəˈpɑː.lə.dʒɪst/
a scientist who studies human societies and cultures
Example: The anthropologist studied the traditions of the tribe.
characterize
Click to show definition
(v) /ˈkærɪktəˌraɪz/
to describe the distinctive qualities of someone or something
Example: The teacher will characterize the main theme of the story.
egalitarian
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˌiːɡəˈlɛtəriən/
believing that everyone should have equal rights and opportunities
Example: The group promotes egalitarian values in their community.
ethical
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈɛθɪkəl/
relating to what is morally right or wrong
Example: It is important to make ethical choices in life.
obligation
Click to show definition
(n) /ˌɑːblɪˈɡeɪʃən/
a duty or responsibility to do something
Example: He has an obligation to help his family.
disparity
Click to show definition
(n) /dɪsˈpær.ə.ti/
a difference or inequality in something
Example: There is a large disparity between rich and poor.
status
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈstætəs/
the position or condition of a person or thing
Example: His status as a leader helped him make important decisions.
acclaim
Click to show definition
(n) /əˈkleɪm/
praise or approval
Example: The movie received great acclaim from critics.
domineering
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˌdɒmɪˈnɪrɪŋ/
aggressively controlling or overpowering
Example: A domineering person often tries to control others.
ostracize
Click to show definition
(v) /ˈɑstrəˌsaɪz/
to exclude someone from a group or society
Example: If someone is rude, they might be ostracized by their friends.
exile
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈɛk.saɪl/
the state of being forced to leave your country or home
Example: He lived in exile for many years.
offender
Click to show definition
(n) /əˈfɛndər/
a person who commits a crime or an illegal act
Example: The police arrested the offender last night.
autonomy
Click to show definition
(n) /ɔˈtɑː.nə.mi/
the ability to make your own choices and decisions
Example: Women have a high level of autonomy in their lives.
custody
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈkʌs.tə.di/
the state of being kept in a safe place, especially regarding children and their care
Example: The mother has custody of her children.
agriculture
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈæɡrɪˌkʌltʃər/
the practice of farming and growing food
Example: Agriculture is important for providing food to everyone.
settled
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈsɛt.əld/
fixed or established, especially in a lifestyle or way of living
Example: They moved into a settled community after many years of traveling.
innate
Click to show definition
(adj) /ɪˈneɪt/
existing from birth; not learned or acquired
Example: Some people believe that kindness is an innate quality.
cooperation
Click to show definition
(n) /koʊˌɑːpəˈreɪʃən/
the act of working together
Example: The team showed great cooperation during the project.
altruism
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈæl.tru.ɪ.zəm/
the belief in or practice of selfless concern for the well-being of others
Example: Altruism is important in making our community better.
peacefulness
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈpiːs.fəlnəs/
the state of being calm and quiet
Example: The garden was a place of peacefulness.
prevalent
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈprɛvələnt/
common or widespread in a particular area or at a particular time
Example: In the city, cars are prevalent on the roads.
presumably
Click to show definition
(adv) /prɪˈzjuməbli/
used to say that something is likely to be true based on what is known
Example: She is presumably going to the party tonight.
primate
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈpraɪ.meɪt/
a type of animal that is part of the group that includes humans, monkeys, and apes
Example: The monkey is a primate that lives in the trees.
disrupt
Click to show definition
(v) /dɪsˈrʌpt/
to interrupt or break the normal progress of something
Example: The loud noise can disrupt our conversation.
hierarchical
Click to show definition
(adj) /haɪəˈrɑːrkɪkl/
arranged in a ranked order, like a ladder
Example: The organization has a hierarchical structure.
advent
Click to show definition
(n) /ˈæd.vɛnt/
the arrival of something important
Example: The advent of the internet changed how we communicate.
feasible
Click to show definition
(adj) /ˈfiː.zə.bəl/
possible to do; capable of being achieved
Example: The plan is feasible and we can start working on it.
Done by reading