The diagram illustrates the main structural components of a neuron and explains how it transmits electrical signals to other cells. Overall, the process involves receiving information, conducting an electrical impulse along the cell, and passing the signal across junctions to neighboring neurons, muscles, or glands.
A neuron has a main center called the cell body, or soma. Around this center, there are small branches called dendrites. Their job is to get messages from other cells. Next, there is a long, thin line called the axon. The axon messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands.
During this process, an electric signal called an action potential moves down the axon. In some neurons, a cover called the myelin sheath sits on the axon to help the signal move faster. Finally, at the end of the axon, terminal buttons connect with the dendrites of a new neuron to pass the message along.