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The image contrasts the skeletal systems of two ancestors, Australopithecus afarensis (walker and tree climber) and Homo erectus (walker and endurance runner). Australopithecus afarensis has an unbalanced head, long snout, low, narrow shoulders, short, wide pelvis, long forearm, short legs, small gluteus maximus (not strong), long femoral neck, small hip, knee, and ankle joints, short Achilles tendon, small heel bone, curved toes, long toes, flexible big toe, and partial foot arch. Homo erectus displays a balanced head, short snout, wide shoulders, narrow chest, tall, narrow waist, short forearm, long legs, large gluteus maximus (strong), short femoral neck, large hip, knee, and ankle joints, long Achilles tendon, large heel bone, straight toes, short toes, fixed big toe, and stabilized foot arch.
Given the complexity of the image, the above description may not be entirely accurate.
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The photo compares the bone structures of two ancestors of man.
As a whole, while the left one is closer to that of a primate, the right one resembles more that of a modern human being. Furthermore, enlargement of different bone parts allowed for each species to better adapt to its living conditions.
Of the two species, Australopithecus afarensis, having more developed upper half, was suited for life in trees with higher and narrower shoulders, wider chest, longer forearms to reach, while bigger hands and longer toes for the task of grabbing tree branches firmly.
In contrast, Homo erectus was biologically built to run for extended periods of time thanks to the more developed lower half including larger hip, knees, ankle joints and heel bones, bigger gluteus maximus, longer Achilles tendon, shorter femoral necks and toes, and stabilized foot arch.
Regarding skull shape, the one belonging to Australopithecus afarensis looks less than that of a human due to longer muzzle protruding from the face.
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