Master the Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Reading Test 1 Passage 1 vocabulary with our flashcard exercise.
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Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Reading Test 1 Passage 1
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demographic
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(adj) /ˌdɛməˈɡræfɪk/
relating to the structure of populations
Example: Demographic changes affect city planning.
conservative
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(adj) /kənˈsɜːrvətɪv/
holding traditional views or values
Example: She has conservative ideas about education.
estimate
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(v) /ˈɛstəˌmeɪt/
to guess the number, amount, or value of something
Example: I estimate that we will finish the project by Friday.
hectare
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(n) /ˈhɛkˌtɛr/
a unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters, used in measuring land
Example: The farmer owns five hectares of land.
traditional
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(adj) / trəˈdɪʃənl /
relating to customs or practices from the past
Example: My family enjoys traditional meals for special occasions.
suitable
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(adj) /ˈsuːtəbl/
acceptable or appropriate for a particular purpose
Example: This area is suitable for planting vegetables.
historically
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(adv) /hɪˈstɔrɪkli/
in a way that relates to history
Example: Historically, farming has changed a lot over time.
vogue
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(n) /voʊɡ/
the fashion or style of a particular time
Example: Dresses in bright colors are in vogue this season.
accommodate
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(v) /əˈkɑː.mə.deɪt/
to provide what is needed or to make room for someone or something
Example: We need to accommodate more guests for the party.
cutting-edge
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(adj) /ˈkʌtɪŋ ˈɛdʒ/
using the newest ideas or methods
Example: The researchers are working on cutting-edge techniques for growing crops.
multi-storey
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(adj) /ˈmʌltiˌstɔːri/
having multiple floors or levels
Example: The city built a multi-storey parking garage.
environmentally
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(adv) /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntəli/
in a way that relates to the environment
Example: We should live environmentally to protect our planet.
drastically
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(adv) /ˈdræstɪkli/
in a way that is very extreme or serious
Example: The weather changed drastically overnight.
efficient
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(adj) /ɪˈfɪʃənt/
producing good results without wasting resources
Example: The new machine is very efficient and saves energy.
proponent
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(n) /prəˈpoʊnənt/
a person who supports an idea or plan
Example: Many proponents of vertical farming believe it can solve food shortages.
renewal
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(n) /rɪˈnuːəl/
the act of making something new again or improving it
Example: The city plans a renewal of the old park.
sustainable
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(adj) /səˈsteɪnəbl/
capable of being maintained without harming the environment
Example: We need to find sustainable ways to grow food.
eventual
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(adj) /ɪˈvɛn.tʃu.əl/
happening or existing at a later time; finally
Example: She hopes for eventual success in her studies.
ecosystem
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(n) /ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm/
a community of living things and their environment
Example: The ecosystem is home to many different plants and animals.
sacrifice
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(n) /ˈsækrɪfaɪs/
giving up something valuable for something else
Example: They made a sacrifice to help their friends.
horizontal
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(adj) /həˈrɪzənˌtəl/
parallel to the ground or to the bottom
Example: The table is horizontal, making it easy to write on.
despoil
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(v) /dɪˈspɔɪl/
to make something less valuable or ruin it
Example: The farmers despoiled the land over many years.
verdant
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(adj) /ˈvɜr.dənt/
green with grass or other plants
Example: The garden is filled with verdant flowers.
ecozone
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(n) /ˈiːkoʊˌzoʊn/
a geographic area with a specific climate and types of plants and animals
Example: The ecozone near the river is home to many birds and trees.
semi-arid
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(adj) /ˌsɛm.iˈær.ɪd/
having very little rain, not completely dry but not very wet
Example: The semi-arid region needs special crops that can grow with less water.
evolve
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(v) /ɪˈvɑlv/
to change or develop gradually
Example: Animals can evolve over millions of years.
rigour
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(n) /ˈrɪɡər/
strictness or harshness in behavior or conditions
Example: The athletes trained with great rigour to prepare for the competition.
element
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(n) /ˈɛlɪmənt/
a basic or essential part of something
Example: Water is an important element for all living things.
massive
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(adj) /ˈmæsɪv/
very large in size or amount
Example: The building was massive and towered over the other structures.
drought
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(n) /draʊt/
a long period of time without rain
Example: The farmers are worried about the drought this season.
hurricane
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(n) /ˈhɜːrɪkeɪn/
a strong storm with violent winds and heavy rain
Example: The hurricane caused a lot of damage to the city.
monsoon
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(n) /mɒnˈsuːn/
a season of heavy rain in some regions
Example: The farmers prepare for the monsoon each year.
toll
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(n) /toʊl/
the cost or loss that comes from something bad happening
Example: The storm took its toll on the crops.
artificially
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(adv) /ˌɑːrtɪˈfɪʃəli/
in a way that is not natural; made by people rather than occurring naturally
Example: The plants grow in artificially controlled conditions.
optimum
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(adj) /ˈɑːptɪməm/
the best or most effective condition or level
Example: The plants grow best in optimum conditions.
organic
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(adj) /ɔrˈɡænɪk/
relating to or derived from living matter; produced without artificial chemicals
Example: She prefers to buy organic vegetables from the market.
herbicide
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(n) /ˈhɜːrbaɪsaɪd/
a substance used to kill unwanted plants
Example: Farmers use herbicide to control weeds in their fields.
pesticide
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(n) /ˈpɛstəˌsaɪd/
a chemical used to kill pests that harm plants
Example: Farmers use pesticide to protect their crops from insects.
fertiliser
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(n) /ˈfɜr.tə.laɪ.zər/
a substance that is added to soil to help plants grow
Example: Farmers use fertiliser to improve their crops.
incidence
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(n) /ˈɪn.sɪ.dəns/
the occurrence or frequency of something, especially something negative or harmful
Example: The incidence of flu cases increased during the winter season.
infectious
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(adj) /ɪnˈfɛkʃəs/
capable of causing infection or disease
Example: Some plants can attract infectious pests.
interface
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(n) /ˈɪn.tə.feɪs/
a point where two systems, subjects, or organizations meet and interact
Example: At the interface of the two departments, they share information.
methane
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(n) /ˈmɛθeɪn/
a colorless gas that is used as a fuel and produced by decomposing organic matter
Example: Methane is a significant greenhouse gas.
compost
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(n) /ˈkɒmpoʊst/
decayed plants or food that is used to help plants grow
Example: I add compost to my garden to help the flowers grow.
fossil fuel
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(n) /ˈfɑsəl fjuːl/
a natural substance used as a source of energy, formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals
Example: Many cars still run on fossil fuel.
tractor
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(n) /ˈtræktər/
a powerful vehicle used for pulling farm equipment
Example: The farmer drove the tractor across the field.
plough
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(n) /plaʊ/
a tool used for digging and turning soil
Example: Farmers use a plough to prepare the fields for planting.
drawback
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(n) /ˈdrɔːbæk/
a disadvantage or problem
Example: The main drawback of the plan is its high cost.
prohibitively
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(adv) /proʊˈhɪbɪtɪvli/
to such a degree that it prevents something from happening
Example: The cost of the new technology is prohibitively high.
renewable
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(adj) /rɪˈnuːəbl/
able to be replaced or generated naturally and sustainably
Example: The school teaches students about renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
aspiration
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(n) /ˌæs.pəˈreɪ.ʃən/
a strong desire to achieve something
Example: His aspiration is to become a doctor.
likelihood
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(n) /ˈlaɪklihʊd/
the chance that something will happen
Example: There is a high likelihood of rain tomorrow.
variation
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(n) /ˌvɛr.iˈeɪ.ʃən/
a change or difference in something
Example: There is a variation in the colors of the flowers.
detrimental
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(adj) /ˌdɛtrɪˈmɛn.təl/
causing harm or damage
Example: The pollution from the factory has a detrimental effect on the river.
skyscraper
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(n) /ˈskaɪˌskreɪpər/
a very tall building in a city
Example: The skyscraper stands tall above the other buildings.
rooftop
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(n) /ˈruːfˌtɑːp/
the top surface of a building
Example: We had a picnic on the rooftop.