Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Reading Test 1 Passage 1

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Definition

(adj) relating to the structure of populations Example: ______ changes affect city planning.

Term

demographic

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Definition

(adj) holding traditional views or values Example: She has ______ ideas about education.

Term

conservative

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Definition

(v) to guess the number, amount, or value of something Example: I ______ that we will finish the project by Friday.

Term

estimate

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Definition

(n) a unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters, used in measuring land

Term

hectare

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Definition

(adj) relating to customs or practices from the past Example: My family enjoys ______ meals for special occasions.

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traditional

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Definition

(adj) acceptable or appropriate for a particular purpose Example: This area is ______ for planting vegetables.

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suitable

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Definition

(adv) in a way that relates to history Example: ______, farming has changed a lot over time.

Term

historically

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Definition

(n) the fashion or style of a particular time Example: Dresses in bright colors are in ______ this season.

Term

vogue

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Definition

(v) to provide what is needed or to make room for someone or something Example: We need to ______ more guests for the party.

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accommodate

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(adj) using the newest ideas or methods Example: The researchers are working on ______ techniques for growing crops.

Term

cutting-edge

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Definition

(adj) having multiple floors or levels Example: The city built a ______ parking garage.

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multi-storey

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Definition

(adv) in a way that relates to the environment Example: We should live ______ to protect our planet.

Term

environmentally

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Definition

(adv) in a way that is very extreme or serious Example: The weather changed ______ overnight.

Term

drastically

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Definition

(adj) producing good results without wasting resources Example: The new machine is very ______ and saves energy.

Term

efficient

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Definition

(n) a person who supports an idea or plan

Term

proponent

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Definition

(n) the act of making something new again or improving it Example: The city plans a ______ of the old park.

Term

renewal

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Definition

(adj) capable of being maintained without harming the environment Example: We need to find ______ ways to grow food.

Term

sustainable

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Definition

(adj) happening or existing at a later time; finally Example: She hopes for ______ success in her studies.

Term

eventual

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Definition

(n) a community of living things and their environment Example: The ______ is home to many different plants and animals.

Term

ecosystem

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Definition

(n) giving up something valuable for something else Example: They made a ______ to help their friends.

Term

sacrifice

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Definition

(adj) parallel to the ground or to the bottom Example: The table is ______, making it easy to write on.

Term

horizontal

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Definition

(v) to make something less valuable or ruin it

Term

despoil

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Definition

(adj) green with grass or other plants Example: The garden is filled with ______ flowers.

Term

verdant

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Definition

(n) a geographic area with a specific climate and types of plants and animals Example: The ______ near the river is home to many birds and trees.

Term

ecozone

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Definition

(adj) having very little rain, not completely dry but not very wet Example: The ______ region needs special crops that can grow with less water.

Term

semi-arid

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Definition

(v) to change or develop gradually Example: Animals can ______ over millions of years.

Term

evolve

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Definition

(n) strictness or harshness in behavior or conditions Example: The athletes trained with great ______ to prepare for the competition.

Term

rigour

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Definition

(n) a basic or essential part of something Example: Water is an important ______ for all living things.

Term

element

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Definition

(adj) very large in size or amount Example: The building was ______ and towered over the other structures.

Term

massive

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Definition

(n) a long period of time without rain Example: The farmers are worried about the ______ this season.

Term

drought

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Definition

(n) a strong storm with violent winds and heavy rain Example: The ______ caused a lot of damage to the city.

Term

hurricane

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Definition

(n) a season of heavy rain in some regions Example: The farmers prepare for the ______ each year.

Term

monsoon

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Definition

(n) the cost or loss that comes from something bad happening Example: The storm took its ______ on the crops.

Term

toll

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Definition

(adv) in a way that is not natural; made by people rather than occurring naturally Example: The plants grow in ______ controlled conditions.

Term

artificially

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Definition

(adj) the best or most effective condition or level Example: The plants grow best in ______ conditions.

Term

optimum

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Definition

(adj) relating to or derived from living matter; produced without artificial chemicals Example: She prefers to buy ______ vegetables from the market.

Term

organic

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Definition

(n) a substance used to kill unwanted plants Example: Farmers use ______ to control weeds in their fields.

Term

herbicide

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Definition

(n) a chemical used to kill pests that harm plants Example: Farmers use ______ to protect their crops from insects.

Term

pesticide

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Definition

(n) a substance that is added to soil to help plants grow Example: Farmers use ______ to improve their crops.

Term

fertiliser

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Definition

(n) the occurrence or frequency of something, especially something negative or harmful Example: The ______ of flu cases increased during the winter season.

Term

incidence

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Definition

(adj) capable of causing infection or disease Example: Some plants can attract ______ pests.

Term

infectious

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Definition

(n) a point where two systems, subjects, or organizations meet and interact Example: At the ______ of the two departments, they share information.

Term

interface

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Definition

(n) a colorless gas that is used as a fuel and produced by decomposing organic matter Example: ______ is a significant greenhouse gas.

Term

methane

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Definition

(n) decayed plants or food that is used to help plants grow Example: I add ______ to my garden to help the flowers grow.

Term

compost

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Definition

(n) a natural substance used as a source of energy, formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals Example: Many cars still run on ______.

Term

fossil fuel

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Definition

(n) a powerful vehicle used for pulling farm equipment Example: The farmer drove the ______ across the field.

Term

tractor

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Definition

(n) a tool used for digging and turning soil Example: Farmers use a ______ to prepare the fields for planting.

Term

plough

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Definition

(n) a disadvantage or problem Example: The main ______ of the plan is its high cost.

Term

drawback

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Definition

(adv) to such a degree that it prevents something from happening Example: The cost of the new technology is ______ high.

Term

prohibitively

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Definition

(adj) able to be replaced or generated naturally and sustainably Example: The school teaches students about ______ energy sources like solar and wind.