Cambridge IELTS 11 Academic Reading Test 2 Passage 2

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Definition

(n) the way that a group of people live together, with laws, culture, and government Example: The ancient ______ built impressive structures.

Term

civilisation

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Definition

(n) a person who studies cultures and societies Example: The ______ visited many villages to learn about their traditions.

Term

ethnographer

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Definition

(n) a person who enjoys new and exciting experiences Example: The ______ climbed the highest mountain.

Term

adventurer

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Definition

(adj) relating to things that come from outside the Earth Example: Some people believe in ______ life.

Term

extraterrestrial

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Definition

(adj) related to language Example: She studies ______ patterns in different cultures.

Term

linguistic

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Definition

(adj) related to the study of ancient cultures through their buildings, tools, and other remains Example: The ______ team discovered many artifacts on the site.

Term

archaeological

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Definition

(adj) relating to genes or heredity Example: The study focused on ______ information of the plants.

Term

genetic

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Definition

(adv) in a way that is certain and not able to be doubted Example: The scientists ______ proved their theory.

Term

definitively

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Definition

(n) the traditional beliefs, legends, and stories of a culture Example: Many stories about monsters are part of local ______.

Term

folklore

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Definition

(adj) very thin and weak Example: The cat looked ______ after being lost for weeks.

Term

scrawny

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Definition

(n) small pieces of material that settle at the bottom of a liquid Example: The river carried ______ to the ocean.

Term

sediment

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Definition

(adj) having a lot of healthy and green plants Example: The garden is ______ with flowers and trees.

Term

lush

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Definition

(adj) easily broken or damaged Example: The glass vase is ______ and can break easily.

Term

fragile

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Definition

(v) to make soil or land more suitable for growing plants Example: Farmers often need to ______ their fields to grow healthy crops.

Term

fertilise

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Definition

(adj) related to or produced by a volcano Example: The ______ rocks were formed from lava.

Term

volcanic

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Definition

(n) the grey or black powder that is left after something has burned Example: She cleaned the ______ from the fireplace.

Term

ash

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Definition

(adj) in short supply; not enough Example: Resources became ______ after many trees were cut down.

Term

scarce

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Definition

(n) a small, light boat that is pointed at both ends and is moved by paddles Example: They went out to the lake in a ______.

Term

canoe

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Definition

(n) the process by which soil and rock are worn away Example: Heavy rain caused ______ on the hillside.

Term

erosion

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Definition

(v) to produce or provide something

Term

yield

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Definition

(v) to move or go down Example: The sun will ______ behind the mountains.

Term

descend

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Definition

(n) the practice of eating the flesh of one's own kind Example: In some ancient cultures, ______ was practiced as a ritual.

Term

cannibalism

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Definition

(v) to fall down suddenly Example: The old building may ______ if it is not repaired.

Term

collapse

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Definition

(adj) separated from others; alone Example: The island was ______ from the rest of the world.

Term

isolated

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Definition

(n) a situation or sequence of events that could happen in the future Example: The teacher gave us a ______ to discuss in class.

Term

scenario

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Definition

(v) to make something go faster Example: The car can ______ quickly when needed.

Term

accelerate

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Definition

(n) the act of causing one's own destruction or failure Example: His bad choices led to his ______.

Term

self-destruction

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Definition

(v) to explain the meaning of something Example: She can ______ the complex poem for us.

Term

interpret

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Definition

(n) a leader of a group or tribe Example: The ______ made decisions for the village.

Term

chieftain

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Definition

(v) to say something clearly and firmly Example: He will ______ his opinion during the meeting.

Term

assert

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Definition

(n) the state of being in control or having power over others Example: The leaders showed their ______ in the meeting.

Term

dominance

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Definition

(n) a type of sled used for hauling heavy loads over snow or rough ground Example: They used a ______ to carry the heavy stones.

Term

sledge

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Definition

(v) to pull something heavy with effort Example: They will ______ the boxes to the truck.

Term

haul

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Definition

(v) to fall over or cause to fall Example: The wind can easily ______ the small tree.

Term

topple

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Definition

(n) a sudden event that causes great damage or suffering Example: The hurricane was a real ______ for the town.

Term

catastrophe

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Definition

(adj) very brave or showing great courage Example: The firefighters made ______ efforts to save the people in the building.

Term

heroic

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Definition

(adj) exposed to strong winds Example: The ______ fields struggled to produce crops.

Term

wind-lashed

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Definition

(adj) not able to produce plants or crops Example: The farmers were worried about their ______ land.

Term

infertile

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Definition

(n) a structure that protects an area from wind Example: Farmers build a ______ to protect their crops from the strong winds.

Term

windbreak

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Definition

(adj) relating to a time before written history Example: The ______ people made tools from stone.

Term

prehistoric

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Definition

(n) a person who is one of the first to explore or settle a new area

Term

pioneer

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Definition

(adj) able to be maintained or continued over a long period without harming the environment Example: The farm uses ______ methods to grow crops.

Term

sustainable

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Definition

(v) to argue or state that something is true Example: They ______ that the idea is not correct.

Term

contend

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Definition

(v) to move or guide something in a skillful way Example: They can easily ______ the boat through the narrow channel.

Term

manoeuvre

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Definition

(n) a copy or model of something Example: The artist created a ______ of the famous statue.

Term

replica

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Definition

(n) a long, narrow cut or indentation Example: The artist created a ______ in the wood for decoration.

Term

groove

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Definition

(adj) no longer in existence; having no living members Example: Dinosaurs are now ______.

Term

extinct

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Definition

(v) to spread over or occupy a place too much or too quickly Example: The rats ______ the island and affected the palm trees.

Term

overrun

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Definition

(v) to plant seeds again or in a new place Example: We need to ______ the lawn this spring.

Term

reseed

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Definition

(n) an unpleasant fate or disaster Example: The storm brought ______ to the small town.

Term

doom

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Definition

(n) the process of cutting down or burning all the trees in an area Example: ______ can harm many animals that live in the forests.

Term

deforestation

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Definition

(n) the ability to resist disease Example: Vaccines can help increase your ______ to certain illnesses.

Term

immunity

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Definition

(v) to kill a large part of a group or to greatly reduce their number

Term

decimate

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Definition

(v) to become smaller and wrinkled Example: The leaves ______ in the dry heat.

Term

shrivel

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Definition

(n) a person who looks after something Example: He is the ______ of the community garden.

Term

steward

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Definition

(adj) very smart or clever Example: The engineer came up with an ______ solution to the problem.

Term

ingenious

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Definition

(adj) not caring about the danger or the consequences of one's actions Example: The ______ driver caused an accident on the highway.

Term

reckless

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Definition

(adj) extremely bad or severe Example: The villagers faced ______ poverty after the disaster.

Term

abject

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Definition

(adj) not likely to happen or be true Example: It is ______ that it will rain today.

Term

unlikely

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