Master the Cambridge IELTS 12 Academic Reading Test 4 Passage 3 vocabulary with our flashcard exercise.
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Cambridge IELTS 12 Academic Reading Test 4 Passage 3
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governance
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(n) /ˈɡʌvərnəns/
the way in which a company or organization is controlled and organized
Example: Good governance helps the company to succeed.
meltdown
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(n) /ˈmɛltdaʊn/
an extreme situation in which something suddenly fails or collapses
Example: The company's financial meltdown surprised everyone.
prolonged
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(adj) /prəˈlɔŋd/
lasting for a long time
Example: The meeting was prolonged because many people wanted to speak.
downturn
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(n) /ˈdaʊnˌtɜrn/
a period when something, especially the economy, becomes worse
Example: The business faced a downturn last year.
post-mortem
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(n) /ˈpoʊstˈmɔrtəm/
an examination of an event after it has happened, to understand what went wrong
Example: The team held a post-mortem to learn from their mistakes.
auditor
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(n) /ˈɔː.dɪ.tər/
a person who examines financial records
Example: The auditor checked the company's accounts carefully.
scrutiny
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(n) /ˈskruː.tɪ.ni/
careful and thorough examination
Example: The report received a lot of scrutiny from the critics.
directorship
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(n) /daɪˈrɛk.tər.ʃɪp/
the position of being a director in a company
Example: She was excited to accept the directorship at the new company.
agenda
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(n) /əˈdʒɛndə/
a list of things to be discussed or done
Example: The agenda for the meeting includes important topics.
devolved
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(v) /dɪˈvɑlvd/
to pass responsibility or authority from a higher level to a lower level
Example: The team devolved some tasks to the new members.
audit
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(n) /ˈɔː.dɪt/
an examination of financial records
Example: They decided to conduct an audit of their finances.
collaboration
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(n) /kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən/
working together with one or more people to achieve something
Example: The team showed great collaboration on the project.
extensive
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(adj) /ɪkˈstɛnsɪv/
covering a large area or having a wide range
Example: The report provided extensive information about the company's future.
remuneration
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(n) /rɪˌmjuː.nəˈreɪ.ʃən/
payment or compensation for work done
Example: She received fair remuneration for her difficult job.
anticipate
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(v) /ænˈtɪsɪpeɪt/
to expect something to happen
Example: We anticipate good weather for the picnic.
sustainability
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(n) /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/
the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level, often regarding the environment
Example: Sustainability is important for protecting our planet.
metric
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(n) /ˈmɛtrɪk/
a system of measuring something
Example: We use the metric to measure the size of the room.
regulatory
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(adj) /ˈrɛɡ.jʊ.lə.tɔːr.i/
relating to rules or laws that control something
Example: New regulatory changes will affect all businesses.
tyranny
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(n) /ˈtɪr.ə.ni/
cruel and oppressive government or rule
Example: The people protested against the tyranny of the rulers.
distort
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(v) /dɪˈstɔrt/
to change something so that it is no longer true or accurate
Example: The news report can distort the facts.
insatiable
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(adj) /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl/
impossible to satisfy; always wanting more
Example: He had an insatiable thirst for knowledge.
appetite
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(n) /ˈæp.əˌtaɪt/
a strong desire for food
Example: I have a big appetite for lunch.
methodology
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(n) /ˌmɛθəˈdɒlədʒi/
a particular way of doing something, especially a systematic way
Example: The scientist used a new methodology for the experiment.
constructive
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(adj) /kənˈstrʌk.tɪv/
helpful and useful, especially in improving a situation
Example: The teacher gave constructive feedback on my essay.
incentivize
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(v) /ɪnˈsɛntɪvaɪz/
to provide someone with a reason to do something, often by offering rewards
Example: Companies often incentivize employees to meet their sales targets.
compensation
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(n) /ˌkɒmpənˈseɪʃən/
money given to someone in exchange for work or as a recompense for loss or injury
Example: Her compensation was fair for the work she did.
combat
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(n) /ˈkɒm.bæt/
the act of fighting in a battle or struggle
Example: The meeting turned into a combat over the proposed changes.
pitched
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(v) /pɪtʃt/
to throw or toss something with force
Example: The kids pitched the ball to each other.
glare
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(n) /ɡlɛr/
a strong or angry stare
Example: She gave him a glare when he interrupted her.
transparency
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(n) /trænsˈpærənsi/
the quality of being open and honest; not hiding information
Example: The company values transparency in its business practices.
muscle
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(n) /ˈmʌs.əl/
a type of tissue in the body that can contract and help movement
Example: He went to the gym to build his muscle.
underperform
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(v) /ˌʌndərpərˈfɔrm/
to perform less well than expected
Example: The team tends to underperform in big games.
binding
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(adj) /ˈbaɪndɪŋ/
making someone or something stay in a certain state or position
Example: The agreement included binding rules for all parties.
exposed
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(adj) /ɪkˈspoʊzd/
having no protection from something harmful
Example: The exposed wire caused a safety hazard.
bonus
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(n) /ˈboʊ.nəs/
an extra payment, typically given as a reward
Example: She received a bonus at the end of the year.
irony
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(n) /ˈaɪ.rə.ni/
a situation that is strange or funny because things happen in a way that is the opposite of what you would expect
Example: It was an irony that the person who taught us honesty was caught lying.
stimulate
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(v) /ˈstɪmjəˌleɪt/
to make something happen or increase
Example: The cold weather can stimulate people to wear warm clothes.
heightened
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(adj) /ˈhaɪtənd/
made greater or stronger
Example: The news brought about a heightened sense of awareness in the community.
erode
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(v) /ɪˈroʊd/
to be gradually destroyed or worn away
Example: The heavy rain can erode the soil.
academic
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(adj) /ˌæk.əˈdɛm.ɪk/
related to education or scholarship
Example: She wants to have an academic career in science.
morality
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(n) /məˈræləti/
a system of beliefs about what is right and wrong
Example: They discussed the morality of their decisions.
capitalism
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(n) /ˈkæpɪtəlɪzəm/
an economic system where businesses are owned by private people
Example: In capitalism, people can start their own businesses.
encompass
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(v) /ɪnˈkʌm.pəs/
to include different things
Example: The plan will encompass several new features.
realignment
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(n) /ˌriːəˈlaɪnmənt/
a change to a new position or arrangement
Example: The company plans a realignment of its business strategy.
perspective
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(n) /pərˈspɛktɪv/
a particular way of considering something
Example: She has a different perspective on the problem.
classic
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(adj) /ˈklæsɪk/
of the highest quality and lasting value
Example: She loves listening to classic music.
overload
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(v) /ˌoʊvərˈloʊd/
to fill or load something with too much
Example: The truck can easily overload if too many boxes are added.
devolve
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(v) /dɪˈvɒlv/
to be passed to a lower level or from a higher authority to a lower one
Example: The responsibilities will devolve to the new manager.
inefficient
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(adj) /ˌɪnɪˈfɪʃənt/
not producing good results or not working well
Example: The old machines are very inefficient.
radical
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(adj) /ˈræd.ɪ.kəl/
relating to fundamental or extreme changes
Example: The team proposed a radical plan to improve sales.
guideline
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(n) /ˈɡaɪd.laɪn/
a rule or instruction that shows how something should be done
Example: The teacher gave us a guideline for our project.
recruitment
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(n) /rɪˈkrut.mənt/
the process of finding new people to join a company or organization
Example: The recruitment for new employees starts next month.
comprehend
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(v) /ˌkɒmprɪˈhɛnd/
to understand something
Example: I can comprehend the instructions clearly.
sufficiently
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(adv) /səˈfɪʃəntli/
to a degree that is enough or adequate
Example: The exam was sufficiently easy for all the students.
quarterly
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(adj) /ˈkwɔːrtərli/
happening every three months
Example: The company releases its financial report quarterly.
automated
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(adj) /ˈɔːtəˌmeɪtɪd/
done by a machine without human control
Example: The automated system makes the work faster.
profile
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(n) /ˈproʊ.faɪl/
a description of someone or something, often used to indicate their characteristics or qualities
Example: I read a profile of the famous actor in a magazine.
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