Cambridge IELTS 19 Academic Reading Test 2 Passage 1

Definition

(adj) related to industry or manufacturing Example: The city has many ______ buildings from the past.

Term

industrial

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Definition

(n) a big change in the way something is done or thought about Example: The ______ changed how people made things.

Term

revolution

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) relating to the countryside, not the city Example: She grew up in a ______ area with lots of farms.

Term

rural

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) relating to farming or rural life Example: The ______ culture is based on agriculture and farming.

Term

agrarian

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to make an area more like a city Example: Many rural areas began to ______ during the Industrial Revolution.

Term

urbanize

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a skill in making things by hand Example: She learned her ______ from her grandmother.

Term

craft

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Definition

(v) to make goods in large amounts using machines Example: Many companies ______ cars and trucks.

Term

manufacture

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Definition

(n) something that is made for the first time Example: The ______ of the telephone changed communication.

Term

invention

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a type of fabric or cloth Example: She bought a beautiful ______ for the new curtains.

Term

textile

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) related to the atmosphere of the Earth Example: The ______ pressure changes with altitude.

Term

atmospheric

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) doing something in a way that saves time and energy Example: The new machine is more ______ than the old one.

Term

efficient

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to change to fit a new situation or condition Example: She needed to ______ to the new school.

Term

adapt

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a metal rod that moves up and down inside a machine Example: The engine works because the ______ moves quickly.

Term

piston

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a system or process for achieving a goal Example: The ______ of the clock is very complex.

Term

mechanism

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) relating to a mechanism that moves in a circular motion Example: The ______ engine works by turning in circles.

Term

rotary

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a new idea or way of doing something Example: The company is known for its ______ in technology.

Term

innovation

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a vehicle that pulls trains Example: The ______ pulled many cars behind it.

Term

locomotive

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to carry people or goods from one place to another Example: The trucks ______ food to the stores.

Term

transport

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a long, narrow waterway made for boats or for irrigation Example: The boat floated gently down the ______.

Term

canal

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a small, simple house, usually in the countryside Example: They spent the weekend in a lovely ______ near the lake.

Term

cottage

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a person or machine that spins fibers into thread or yarn Example: The ______ made beautiful yarn from the wool.

Term

spinner

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a person who makes cloth by weaving threads together Example: A skilled ______ created a beautiful tapestry.

Term

weaver

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a person who colors fabrics or materials Example: The ______ used bright colors to make the cloth beautiful.

Term

dyer

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a machine for weaving cloth Example: The factory uses a power ______ to produce textiles quickly.

Term

loom

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to use machines to do work instead of people Example: Factories ______ the production of goods.

Term

mechanize

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to heat a substance until it becomes liquid Example: They will ______ the metal to make new tools.

Term

smelt

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a type of rock that contains metal or minerals Example: The miners found ______ in the deep tunnel.

Term

ore

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a material made by heating coal, used in making iron and steel Example: The factory uses ______ to produce metal.

Term

coke

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a black material made from burning wood in a way that doesn't let it get enough air Example: He used ______ to draw a picture.

Term

charcoal

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to make something larger or more extensive Example: The company plans to ______ its operations next year.

Term

expand

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a system used to send messages over long distances using electrical signals Example: The ______ changed how people communicated with each other.

Term

telegraph

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a special right given by the government to make, use, or sell an invention for a certain number of years Example: He applied for a ______ for his new invention.

Term

patent

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) related to buying and selling goods Example: The store offers many ______ products.

Term

commercial

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the act of showing or indicating something, especially by a sign Example: The ______ helped the trains know when to stop.

Term

signalling

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Male Female

Definition

(n) an event where two or more things hit each other with force Example: There was a ______ between two cars on the street.

Term

collision

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) very large in size or amount Example: The impact of the Industrial Revolution on people's lives was ______.

Term

immense

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to increase speed Example: The car can ______ quickly on the highway.

Term

accelerate

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the process of making an area more urban or city-like Example: ______ changed the countryside into a busy city.

Term

urbanization

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) not enough or not good enough Example: The school had ______ resources for the students.

Term

inadequate

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the process of keeping places clean and healthy Example: Good ______ is important to stay healthy.

Term

sanitation

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the process of developing industries in a country or region Example: ______ changed how people lived and worked.

Term

industrialization

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the amount of something produced Example: The factory increased its ______ to meet demand.

Term

output

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a material that is burned to produce energy or power Example: Cars need ______ to run.

Term

fuel

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a disagreement or ______ to something Example: There was strong ______ to the new rules.

Term

opposition

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the way a person makes the money they need to live Example: She works hard to provide for her family's ______.

Term

livelihood

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) having a very strong feeling of needing something Example: The girl was ______ to find her missing cat.

Term

desperate

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a person who is learning a trade from a skilled employer Example: The ______ learns from the master craftsman.

Term

apprentice

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the noise made by guns firing Example: We heard ______ during the conflict.

Term

gunfire

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a situation in which a group of people tries to fight against a government or authority Example: The people held an ______ to demand their rights.

Term

uprising

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Male Female

Definition

(adj) capable of being punished for a crime or wrongdoing Example: Breaking the law is ______.

Term

punishable

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a situation in which people are angry or upset and often behave violently Example: The community showed ______ after the announcement.

Term

unrest

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the highest point or level of something Example: The mountain's ______ was covered in snow.

Term

peak

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the act of fighting against something Example: The ______ to the new machines was very strong.

Term

resistance

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to disappear suddenly Example: The magician made the rabbit ______.

Term

vanish

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a change in form or appearance Example: The caterpillar's ______ into a butterfly is amazing.

Term

transformation

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Male Female

Definition

(n) a new idea, method, or product Example: The company introduced an exciting ______ this year.

Term

innovation

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the base or groundwork for something Example: The ______ of the house is very strong.

Term

foundation

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to change in order to fit a new situation Example: Animals can ______ to different climates.

Term

adapt

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to make something larger or to increase in size Example: We need to ______ the garden to grow more vegetables.

Term

expand

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Male Female

Definition

(n) the effect or influence of one thing on another Example: The ______ of the storm was felt across the region.

Term

impact

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Male Female

Definition

(v) to fill a place with too many people Example: The stadium can easily ______ when there is a big game.

Term

overcrowd

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Male Female