Cambridge IELTS 19 General Training Reading Test 4 (Online Test)

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Percil Training Institute

Welcome to the Percil Training Institute. We hope that you will enjoy your course of training with us. This information is provided to introduce our Institute and to let you know some of the important features of our professional training courses.

Courses

Percil Training Institute was established to provide high quality short-duration training programmes for a range of professional needs. It has a highly trained and experienced teaching staff, many of whom have taught overseas.

Percil Training Institute provides courses in ten-week modules. Most courses (e.g. Office Management, Librarianship, Medical Records Organisation) consist of two modules, although some courses (Biotechnology, Computer Analysis) are three or four modules long. There is a break of two weeks between each module but since projects or assignments are set for completion in these periods, it is not possible to take vacations during this time.

Since each course has varying needs, there are not necessarily any set hours for classes across all programmes. You will need to consult the timetable for your course, which is printed at the front of your own course manual.

Please be reminded that Percil Training Institute cannot provide attendance or achievement certificates for students who have missed part of their course as a result of not reading their own course timetables properly. Legitimate reasons for non-attendance (e.g. illness) will be given consideration provided that documentary evidence is provided. In this case, an achievement certificate only will be issued.

Facilities

The opening times of the snack bar, coffee lounge and restaurant are printed below your course timetable. No bookings are required for any of the eating places except the restaurant for Friday and Saturday dinner. The coffee lounge and restaurant are not normally open on public holidays. However, a group booking may be made for the restaurant for dinner on such days, provided that there is a minimum of 20 people in the group. A non-refundable deposit will be required for such a booking.

The Institute has a very fine sports complex. The swimming pool is open daily from 8.00 am to 8.00 pm and can be used free of charge by all Percil students who present a valid student enrolment card. The squash courts can be booked by any student with a valid student card and the hire cost is $4.50 per half hour. The gymnasium is available for a ten-week membership fee of $40.00, or $5.00 per visit, or an annual subscription of $100. Guests of Percil students are welcome to use the swimming pool but not the gymnasium areas.

Security

Please be careful that you do not leave valuable items in the classroom areas at any time. Percil Training Institute cannot be held responsible for any loss or damage to students’ property as a result of student negligence. After 8.30 pm the front doors of the Institute are locked. If you need to gain access to the Institute after this time, please contact the caretaker by pressing the doorbell and speaking through the intercom. If you are admitted by the caretaker you will be required to show your student card.

Medical Care

Minor accidents and injuries can usually be attended to on the premises, in the Health Centre on the third floor. These services are free. Headache pills and other analgesics are available at standard pharmacy prices.

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Percil Memorial Training Scholarships

(3 offered per year)

Percil Training Institute offers a number of scholarships for people from overseas who plan to live in Australia and need re-training. These scholarships are available for full-time study only and are not offered for courses of less than 20 weeks’ duration.

Requirements/eligibility

Applicants for these scholarships must be of high academic ability as revealed in the qualifications they have already gained in their home country; alternatively, they must have at least five years of significant work experience in their chosen field and must produce evidence in the form of references from at least two employers or supervisors.

The award

These scholarships offer return airfares to Australia from your home country, provided that the distance by air from your city of departure to Sydney is not more than 2,500 kilometres. If the distance exceeds this amount, you will be provided with airline vouchers. Travel expenses to and from airports on both the outward and return journeys are paid for, and there is an airline excess baggage allowance of 120 kg.

Personal removal expenses for scholarship holders are not paid. If the scholarship holder is married at the time of applying for the scholarship, some travel and removal costs may be paid for the husband or wife. Travel costs or support for dependent children are at the scholarship holder’s expense.

Scholars are eligible for assistance with accommodation within the Sydney metropolitan area, although married accommodation is unavailable on the Percil Institute campus. Since demand for accommodation on the campus is always high, scholarship applicants are advised to apply at least ten weeks before intending to come into residence.

==== Read the text below and answer Questions 28–40. ====

Divided opinions about letting farmland return to its natural state

Close to London’s Gatwick Airport is Knepp Castle Estate, owned by Charlie Burrell. It is an intensive 3,500-acre farm that has been ‘rewilded’, that is, allowed to return to its natural, uncultivated state. After barely a decade, nature has come back astonishingly quickly. Neat fields of maize have been replaced with a landscape that resembles the typical grasslands of Africa. The original narrow clipped hedges that edged the farmland are now eight metres wide, and deer race through ragwort, thistles, and other weeds in the meadows. The estate boasts more of the unusual purple emperor butterflies than anywhere else in Britain. It’s also thought to be the only place where Britain’s fastest-declining birds, turtle doves, are multiplying. But as rewilding blossoms, so do controversies.

In Wales, one ecologist says the concept can’t even be mentioned to farmers. Even the harmless beaver is the subject of fierce debate: while it was recognised as a native animal in Scotland last year, beavers reintroduced in south-west England roam free only on a government trial. ‘For us it is strange to see the British struggling with the beaver. Come on, we have thousands of them!’ Dutch ecologist Leo Linnartz told a rewilding conference. Linnartz says that many Dutch objected to ‘nature development’ 30 years ago but rewilding principles are now mainstream.

In Britain, the rewilding movement started by writer and environmental activist George Monbiot is popularly seen to seek the return of large carnivores – bears, wolves and lynx. In practice, it is returning more modest herbivores like ponies and deer to the countryside. For decades, ecologists believed the end result of allowing a landscape to run wild would be dense forest and a mass extinction of sun-loving wild flowers and butterflies. But this belief has been demolished by Dutch ecologist Frans Vera. Since the 1980s, Vera has introduced wild cattle, horses and deer to rewilded marshland, and proved that ‘natural’ grazing creates a more dynamic landscape, a constantly changing pattern of open glades and wooded groves.

In the Scottish Highlands, rewilding is taking a different form as large landowners restore ancient pine forest. But David Balharry, former Scotland director of Rewilding Britain, cautions that rewilding in Scotland will only be championed by policymakers and politicians when it is led by local communities.

For Burrell, rewilding has been a pragmatic way to revive the struggling family farm. Ecotourism there makes as much profit as his conventional farm did. Knepp’s unproductive soil meant Burrell could not compete with globalised food production. His profits may be steady while conventional dairy and cattle farm incomes fall dramatically, but no farmers have yet followed his example. ‘It takes a new eye to look at this and say, “that’s beautiful”, rather than go, “that’s just a real mess”, says Burrell. Other farmers may have a moral attitude towards it too – “why are you stopping food production?” Many criticise rewilding for abandoning productive farmland when the world’s population is growing.

Wouter Helmer, director of Rewilding Europe, sees no conflict between food production and rewilding: 'Europe is heading for a future of food produced more intensively in fewer areas, releasing less productive land for rewilding,' he says. Farming is being done by fewer and fewer farmers on a larger scale on the best soils. They leave the less profitable lands to become adventure land for an increasingly urban population.

Helmer says there is no point in seeking to feed the world with traditional organic farming because there is no one to do the labour: when he asks Dutch students who wants to farm, none raise their hands. 'They have a completely different relationship to nature to their parents or grandparents. They are not fighting with it on a daily basis. On one hand they are disconnected from nature but on the other hand they are becoming more relaxed with nature – it’s hunting and gathering but hunting with a camera and gathering experiences.' The part of the countryside which is not used for intensive farming starts to serve all these new urban needs.

Yet some environmentalists worry how rewilding connects with urban populations. ‘The challenge is how to make rewilding an issue that people in their ordinary lives can take action on,’ says Elaine Gilligan of Friends of the Earth. She thinks it is great for engaging people in nature but doubts whether it is seen as important in large urban areas like Birmingham.

Rewilders argue that reducing flood risks for cities is one practical way rewilding can enhance urban life. Ted Green, founder president of the Ancient Tree Forum, believes that intensive farming can worsen flash flooding, and cause fertile earth to be swept downriver and out to sea. ‘The land may belong to the landowner but the soil must belong to the nation,’ says Green. ‘When you see people cleaning out their houses after floods, you don’t see them removing water, you see them removing mud. It’s no longer an engineering problem – it’s a farming problem.

Some conservationists worry, however, that rewilding could replace the traditional protection of rare species on small nature reserves. If rewilding really takes off, there’s a risk people will say, “Oh we don’t have to do any of that old stuff,” says Matt Shardlow, chief executive of Buglife. ‘But we still have habitat fragmentation and species in tiny places and we have to take care of them even if you have some areas made bigger for wildlife.’ Whatever happens, we need more projects like Knepp.