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The image displays a multicolored line graph indicating the percentage of involuntary part-time workers as a percentage of total employment across multiple countries between the years 2005 and 2014. Specifically: Australia started at ~2.5% in 2005 peaked ~4% around 2011, Austria fluctuated between ~1% to ~2.5%, Belgium ranged between ~3% to ~4%, Canada from ~1.5% to over 3%, Chile ~1% initially rising up to ~7%, Czech ~1.5% peaking at ~2.5%, Denmark ~1% to ~3%, Finland from ~2.5% to ~4.5%, France ~5.5% to ~6.5%, Germany 2.5% up to 4%, Greece increased from ~4% to 9%, Hungary stable around 2%, Iceland minimal variation around 1.5%, Ireland peaked at ~6%, Israel increased from ~2% to ~3.5%, Italy from ~6.5% to ~11%, Japan ~2% to ~5%, Korea stable around ~1%, Latvia ~2% to ~4.5%, Lithuania ~1% to ~4%, Luxembourg from ~1.5% to ~3.5%, Mexico stable around 1.5%, Netherlands ~4% to ~5%, New Zealand ~1.5% to ~4%, Norway ~1.5% to ~3%, Poland ~2% to ~4%, Portugal ~2% to ~6%, Slovakia d ~3%, Slovenia ~2% to 6%, Spain sharply increased from ~4% to ~7%, Sweden ~3% to ~4%, Switzerland minimal fluctuation around ~2%, Turkey ~2% to ~3%, UK ~3% to ~4.5%, USA ~2.5% to ~4.5%, OECD average started near ~4% increasing to ~6%.
Given the complexity of the image, the above description may not be entirely accurate.
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The line graph illustrates the proportion of involuntary part-time workers as a percentage of total employment in various OECD countries between 1990 and 2021.
Overall, the incidence of involuntary part-time work fluctuated significantly across countries, with some nations experiencing sharp increases after 2008, while others maintained relatively low levels throughout the period. Spain consistently recorded the highest percentages, whereas countries such as the Czech Republic and Switzerland reported the lowest.
In the early 1990s, most countries had rates below 5%, with the exception of Spain, which already stood at around 8%. Following the global financial crisis of 2008, many countries witnessed a sudden rise. For instance, Spain’s rate surged to over 11% by 2013, making it the highest among all OECD members. Similarly, Italy, Greece, and France experienced noticeable increases, reaching around 7-9% in the same period.
By contrast, northern European countries such as Switzerland, Denmark, and Norway maintained relatively stable and low proportions, mostly under 3%. Likewise, the USA showed only modest changes, fluctuating between 2% and 4% across the entire timeframe. The OECD average rose after 2008, peaking at about 6% before gradually declining in the late 2010s.
In conclusion, while involuntary part-time employment became more widespread in several southern European countries following the financial crisis, it remained consistently low in much of northern Europe and North America.
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