The bar chart below describes the gross domestic spending on research and development in five countries between 2001 and 2011. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.

The bar chart compares how gross domestic expenditure on research and development was allocated across five countries over a ten-year period, commencing in 2001. Overall, the USA recorded the highest percentage throughout the period, whereas Spain consistently had the lowest figures. China and Spain witnessed growth in 2005, while the remaining three countries experienced a […]

The bar chart compares the percentage of GDP spent on research and development (R&D) in five countries – China, France, Spain, the UK, and the USA – in 2001, 2005, and 2011. Overall, the USA consistently spent the highest proportion of its GDP on R&D throughout the period, while Spain had the lowest figures. Most […]