The provided diagram clearly illustrates the multi-stage process through which geothermal energy is harnessed to generate electricity. This method involves a continuous cycle of operations occurring both beneath and above the Earth’s surface.
Overall, the process comprises five main stages, commencing with the injection of cold water underground and concluding with the production of electricity by a generator. The fundamental principle revolves around utilizing the Earth’s natural heat to convert water into steam, which then powers turbines to create electrical energy.
Initially, cold water is pumped deep into the Earth’s crust, typically reaching depths of approximately 4.5 kilometres. This water then penetrates a hot geothermal zone, where it comes into contact with heated rocks. Facilitated by injection wells, the water circulates through these hot subterranean rocks, undergoing a significant temperature increase, becoming boiling hot. Subsequently, this superheated water is pumped back up to the ground level through a production well.
Upon reaching the surface, the high-temperature water enters a condenser, where it is converted into steam. This condensed steam is then carefully directed towards a turbine, causing it to rotate. The rotating turbine, in turn, drives a generator, which ultimately produces electricity for distribution. Completing the cycle, the water, now cooled after steam generation, is returned to the injection wells, to be pumped underground once more.